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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Channel
Zero Hour w/ J. C. Kaelin #14 The Steve Allen Show DVD MP4 USB
February 6, 1961: #BOTD: #HBD! J. C.
Kaelin, digital producer, editor, archivist and publisher, founder
of the world's first dedicated world wide web (WWW) historical
digital audio, video and image website on March 26, 1996,
EarthStation1.com, founder of MediaOutlet.com on that same date,
as well as a number of other web enterprises, who collaborated in
a number of documentary productions such as the landmark World War
II documentary series THE WAR THE WAR by Ken Burns and Lynn
Novick, , HISTORY DETECTIVES, The History Channel's WORLD WAR II
IN HD, UNSEALED ALIEN FILES, UNSEALED CONSPIRACY FILES and the
2015 NHK TV documentary THE STORY OF "TOKYO ROSE",
featured on broadcast television and cable documentary networks
such as PBS, The History Channel, The BBC, CNN, The Discovery
Channel, Fox, The Learning Channel, A & E, NHK, Asahi TV,
Altice (formerly) Suburban Cablevision and More, as well as in
movies, radio, books, newspapers and Magazines, exhibited and
archived in musuems and libraries around the world such as The
British Library and The British Museum, part of the New York
Regents Examinations for many years, archived at colleges and
universities worldwide such as Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Brown,
UCLA, University Of Maryland and more, approved for teaching
history and media studies by various American state, British,
French and Singapore governments, as well as hundreds of
prestigious schools K-12, college, university and post-graduate
worldwide since 1996, cited by the Israeli Knesset and by the Yad
Vashem Holocaust Remembrance Center as an approved academic source
of information about the Holocaust, is #born James Charles Kaelin,
Jr. in Jamaica, Queens, New York City at the dawn of The Space
Age, during the honeymoon period of the Kennedy presidency. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Heart Of
The Dragon TV Series DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
February 6: National Chopsticks Day: -- A
day observed since at least 2012 for people worldwide to celebrate
these humble and ancient utensils. Around 1200 B.C., Chinese cooks
began using chopsticks to prepare food. These tools were likely
long enough to reach into hot cooking pots. Then about 400 B.C.,
when fuels for cooking became scarce, food was prepared in smaller
pieces reducing the number of resources needed to cook it. At the
same time, the need for sharp eating utensils faded, and shorter
chopsticks entered the scene. The Chinese term for chopsticks is
Kuaizi. Once these handy eating tools found their way to the
dinner table, they spread around the world. Portable and elegant
in their design, they also vary in style from region to region.
Today chopsticks may be made from wood such as bamboo or aspen,
plastic or stainless steel. Elaborately carved chopsticks may be
cut from jade, ivory, or wood, and artisans may ornately paint
some chopsticks with miniature scenes. So use chopsticks to eat
your meals. Practice using chopsticks or teach someone how to use
them. Share your favorite set of chopsticks or your favorite meal
to eat with chopsticks. Visit your favorite restaurant where
chopsticks are provided. Make sure you give them a shoutout, too!
Of course, you should invite someone to celebrate with you, also!
Maybe ask them to join you in a chopstick competition to see who
is the most proficient using them. Be sure to use
#NationalChopsticksDay to share on social media. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Making Sex
Pay: Cost/Benefit Species Analysis DVD, Download, USB Drive
February 6: National Valentine Shopping
Reminder Day: -- As a reminder to shop for Valentine's Day,
National Valentine Shopping Reminder Day is celebrated on February
6 and again on February 13. Remembering to purchase a particular
Valentine's Day present is critical. National Valentine Shopping
Reminder Day is a reminder to place your order now for it to
arrive on time for the holiday on February 14. A special
last-minute Valentine's Day present that will stand out from the
crowd is highlighted on this day. During shopping for Valentine's
Day, we choose gifts that have meaning for the recipient and meet
their expectations. The origin of National Valentine Shopping
Reminder Day is uncertain. This day is marked to prevent you from
making the error of neglecting to organize the perfect day or to
get the ideal gift for your significant other. On Valentine's Day,
most loved ones want to know they are cherished and valued. Don't
make the mistake of putting something off until the last minute.
National Valentine Shopping Reminder Day occurs twice: one week
and one day before Valentine's Day. This window allows you to plan
the perfect date or order the chosen Valentine's Day present to
ensure it arrives on time. So, go to work on the planning or
buying right now. There are a variety of ways to observe this
occasion. Make a list of ideas for a unique gift or think of an
original way to celebrate Valentine's Day. Second, if you intend
to purchase a present, place your order or make your purchase as
soon as possible. If you're looking for something a little more
low-key, try writing a poetry or love note. Repeat your first date
or establish a new habit. Traditions are important and have
importance. Consider recreating your first date or a cherished
moment you spent with someone on Valentine's Day. The point is
that if you establish a tradition for how you celebrate a holiday,
such as Valentine's Day, you will build a lasting memory that you
will look forward to throughout the year. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Manners
And Etiquette Social Guidance Films DVD, Download, USB Drive
February 6: Pay A Compliment Day: --
Nothing cheers a person up quite like hearing someone say
something nice about you. It's time to return the favor on Pay a
Compliment Day and although we shouldn't need a special day to
show our appreciation, most of us need a little nudge, right?
We've often walked away from interactions wishing we had said what
was in our hearts. "Will I embarrass myself?" "Is
it appropriate?" All questions that plague what should be a
simple articulation of the heart. Let's redeem ourselves on Pay a
Compliment Day. Created by Adrienne Koopersmith in 1995, Pay a
Compliment Day is for showing genuine appreciation of the people
around you. The inspiration came on a cold day in Chicago when
Koopersmith was riding a bus. She noticed someone waving at the
bus she was on. The person seemed frantic and although they
weren't standing at a bus stop, the bus driver was kind enough to
stop and let the person on. Before getting off at her stop,
Koopersmith complimented the driver on his kindness. This brief
but heartwarming gesture left such an indelible impression in her
life that Koopersmith decided to turn the day into a holiday.
Paying an honest compliment is more difficult than it sounds. Some
people are so over the top with the gesture that it loses meaning
while others use them too sparingly. Only a few know how to
express themselves openly and naturally. One of our favorite
compliments in history is Carl Sagan's 1986 letter to Chuck Berry
on his birthday. He wrote, "When they tell you your music
will live forever, you can usually be sure they're exaggerating.
But Johnny B. Goode is on the Voyager interstellar records
attached to NASA's Voyager spacecraft-now two billion miles from
earth and bound for the stars. These records will last a billion
years or more. Happy 60th birthday with our admiration for the
music you have given to this world_Go, Johnny, Go." In the
spirit of Sagan's praise, express your admiration to someone you
hold dear. Pay a Compliment Day remembers a stranger's kindness on
a bus and hopes to inspire similar, meaningful connections all the
time. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Wisdom
Of The Dream: Carl Jung Plus Bonus Interview MP4 Or DVD
February 6: Time To Talk Day: -- Draws
attention to mental health and the importance of reaching out to
others. The day aims to help people open up and be honest about
mental health, without the fear and stigma often attached to the
topic. It can be daunting to express personal struggles and
because of this, many people keep everything bottled up. By
opening up, the likelihood of the person suffering seeking help
increases, which can be crucial to the healing process. On Time to
Talk Day, help raise awareness about mental health and be a part
of changing the narrative. Although there is still a long way to
go in changing perceptions about mental health, the past was much
worse, especially for women. In Victorian times, women were
considered mentally unwell for any number of reasons that weren't
necessarily valid. Some of these reasons for such a diagnosis were
post-partum depression, disobedience, and anxiety. In reality,
many women were misdiagnosed due to a lack of information
regarding mental illness, and an unfavorable view of women. During
the 1880s, people were placed in mental facilities, but they
rarely received the help that they actually needed. When a person
entered a mental facility, they were often forgotten about by
society. A writer named Nelly Bly wanted to investigate this, so
she went undercover inside a mental institution, posing as a
mentally ill person. She wrote about the improper treatment she
experienced in a series of articles, and as a result, the
institution she wrote about was reformed. The importance of mental
health started advancing in the 1930's when experts began
understanding the reasons that could drive a person to madness.
Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud developed theories relating to
why this behavior took place with the intent to understand and
help people rather than leaving them at the mercy of facilities
and prisons. His experimental theories, however, weren't very
well-received and not all of them were effective. Fast forward to
the present day, perceptions surrounding mental health and
understanding it has come a long way. Experts have better
knowledge of the causes and how to treat it, but there are still
many misconceptions attached to the subject the public has yet to
fully reconcile with. Because of this, the social movement Time to
Change created Time to Talk Day in 2014, initiating millions of
conversations worldwide through various channels about mental
health. Their goal is to reduce mental health-related stigma and
discrimination by raising awareness and changing the narrative. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Monarchy
In The UK: British Royal History MP4 Video Download DVD Set
February 6, 1665: #BOTD: #HBD! Queen
Anne, Queen Regnant Of England, Scotland, And Ireland, thereafter
styled Queen Of Great Britain And Ireland following the
ratification of The Acts Of Union on May 1, 1707, which merged the
kingdoms of Scotland and England (d. August 1, 1714) is #born Anne
Stuart at 11:39 p.m. at St James's Palace, London, England, the
fourth child and second daughter of the Duke of York (later King
James II and VII), and his first wife, Anne Hyde, during the reign
of her uncle, King Charles II. The younger sister of Queen Mary
II, Ann succeeded her to the thrones after Mary's death on March
19, 1702 (O.S.: March 8, 1702) Their father was Charles's younger
brother and heir presumptive, James, whose suspected Roman
Catholicism was unpopular in England. On Charles's instructions,
Anne and her elder sister Mary were raised as Anglicans. Mary
married their Dutch Protestant cousin, William III of Orange, in
1677, and Anne married the Lutheran Prince George of Denmark in
1683. On Charles's death in 1685, James succeeded to the throne,
but just three years later he was deposed in the Glorious
Revolution of 1688. Mary and William became joint monarchs.
Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Anne's
finances, status, and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after
Mary's accession and they became estranged. William and Mary had
no children. After Mary's death in 1694, William reigned alone
until his own death in 1702, when Anne succeeded him. During her
reign, Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians, who were more
likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents,
the Whigs. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the
War of the Spanish Succession, until 1710 when Anne dismissed many
of them from office. Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill,
Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political
differences. The Duchess took revenge with an unflattering
description of the Queen in her memoirs, which was widely accepted
by historians until Anne was reassessed in the late 20th century.
Anne was plagued by poor health throughout her life, and from her
thirties she grew increasingly ill and obese. Despite 17
pregnancies, she died without surviving issue as the last monarch
of The House Of Stuart at around 7:30 a.m.. John Arbuthnot, one of
her doctors, thought her death was a release from a life of
ill-health and tragedy; he wrote to Jonathan Swift, "I
believe sleep was never more welcome to a weary traveller than
death was to her." She was buried beside her husband and
children in the Henry VII Chapel on the South Aisle of Westminster
Abbey on August 24, 1702. Under the Act of Settlement 1701, which
excluded all Catholics, she was succeeded by her second cousin
George I of the House Of Hanover. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
American Adventure: TV History Series 1607-1876 DVD MP4 USB Drive
February 6, 1756: #BOTD: Aaron Burr,
American colonel and politician, 3rd Vice President of the United
States (1801-1805), serving during Thomas Jefferson's first term
(d. September 14, 1836) is #born Aaron Burr Jr. in Newark, New
Jersey. Burr served as a Continental Army officer in the
Revolutionary War, after which he became a successful lawyer and
politician. He was elected twice to the New York State Assembly
(1784-1785, 1798-1799), was appointed New York State Attorney
General (1789-1791), was chosen as a U.S. senator (1791-1797),
from the State of New York, and reached the apex of his career as
vice president. The highlight of Burr's tenure as president of the
Senate, one of his few official duties as vice president, was the
Senate's first impeachment trial, that of Supreme Court justice
Samuel Chase. In 1804, the last full year of his single term as
vice president, Burr killed his political rival Alexander Hamilton
in a famous duel. Burr was never tried for the illegal duel, and
all charges against him were eventually dropped, but Hamilton's
death ended Burr's political career. After leaving Washington,
Burr traveled west seeking new opportunities, both economic and
political. His activities eventually led to his arrest on charges
of treason in 1807. The subsequent trial resulted in acquittal,
but Burr's western schemes left him with large debts and few
influential friends. In a final quest for grand opportunities, he
left the United States for Europe. He remained overseas until
1812, when he returned to the United States to practice law in New
York City. There he spent the rest of his life in relative
obscurity. Aaron Burr died in the village of Port Richmond, Staten
Island, New York in a boarding house that later became known as
the St. James Hotel on the same day his divorce from wealthy New
York socialite Eliza Jumel was officially completed. Soon after
the marriage, Jumel realized her fortune was dwindling due to
Burr's land speculation losses, so she separated from him after
four months of marriage; she tellingly chose Alexander Hamilton
Jr., the son of the man Burr killed in their famous duel, as her
divorce lawyer in 1834, the same year Burr suffered an
immobilizing stroke. He is buried near his father in Princeton,
New Jersey. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Pirates 12
Part Documentary Series MP4 Video Download DVD
February 6, 1826: #BOTD: Nathaniel
Gordon, American slave trader who was the only person in the
United States to be tried, convicted, and executed by the federal
government for having "engaged in the slave trade" under
the Piracy Law of 1820 (d. February 21, 1862) is #born in
Portland, Maine. He went into shipping and eventually owned his
own ship. He had a wife named Elizabeth and a two-year-old son
named Nathaniel at the time of his final voyage to Africa. When
Gordon was 12, his father was arrested for attempting to smuggle
slaves into the United States. The law stated that he should be
deemed a pirate and given a mandatory death sentence. However,
there are no records of how the case was resolved, albeit it is
known that Gordon's father was not executed. n 1848, Gordon's
boat, Juliet, was searched by the U.S. Navy for evidence of slave
trading. After no evidence of slave trading could be found, Gordon
was released from their custody. However, there were allegations
that Gordon had indeed gone to Africa, taken a cargo of slaves,
and returned to Brazil, where slavery was still legal at the time.
In 1851, Gordon, captaining the Camargo, went on another
expedition from Brazil to Africa. Gordon took on 500 Africans and
set sail for Brazil. He had to take numerous measures to avoid
naval patrol ships. Gordon was nevertheless chased by a British
man-of-war. After arriving in Brazil and dropping off the
Africans, Gordon burned his ship to destroy evidence. The Africans
were seized and some of Gordon's men were arrested and charged.
Gordon himself escaped by dressing into women's clothes. Shortly
after the Camargo voyage, Gordon, captaining Ottawa, made a
slaving voyage to Cuba, where slavery was also still legal, with a
cargo of Africans. Only about 25 percent of the Africans survived,
with Gordon later claiming that a rival trader had poisoned them.
After landing in Cuba, Gordon burned his ship afterwards to
destroy evidence. In late July 1860, Gordon set sail for the west
coast of Africa. On August 7, 1860, he loaded 897 slaves aboard
Erie at Sharks Point, Congo River, West Africa. According to
reports, Gordon was responsible for at least 29 deaths. Those who
died were thrown overboard. Erie was captured by the USS Mohican
50 miles from a Cuban port on August 8, 1860. Commander Sylvanus
William Godon had a prize crew take command of Erie and ordered
them to sail to Liberia, the American colony established in West
Africa by the American Colonization Society for the settlement of
free blacks from the United States, and then return to New York.
There, the ship would be auctioned off, and Nathaniel Gordon,
first mate William Warren, and second mate David Hall would stand
trial. Godon had four other of Gordon's crewmen placed on the USS
Marion: Thomas Nelson, Samuel Sleeper, Thomas Savage, and John
McCafferty. The ship sailed to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where
they were put on trial. In November 1860, the four were convicted
of voluntarily serving on a slave ship but acquitted of engaging
in the slave trade. Each of them was fined 1 USD and sentenced to
about ten months in prison. The United States Attorney for the
Southern District of New York, James I. Roosevelt, offered Gordon
a 2K USD fine and two-year sentence in exchange for information
about his financial backers. However, Gordon, confident that he
wouldn't face any severe consequences, rejected the deal,
believing it was not lenient enough. The case was repeatedly
delayed due to the onset of the Civil War. By the time of Gordon's
trial, a new district attorney, Edward Delafield Smith, had been
appointed. Smith saw the Gordon case as a chance to become
prominent and an opportunity to set an example for all future
slave traders. He wanted Gordon executed. Gordon's first trial in
New York City in June 1861 ended in a mistrial, with the jury
voting 7-5 in favor of a conviction, allegedly due to bribes.
Smith immediately pushed for a retrial. To counter potential
tampering and bribes, the government had the jury sequestered.
Among the arguments used by Gordon's lawyers during his second
trial were technicalities that had successfully been exploited in
other trials; three arguments were dismissed by the judge, while
the fourth argument was contradicted by witnesses' testimony. On
November 9, 1861, Gordon was found guilty of piracy by engaging in
the slave trade. The prosecution was led by Assistant United
States District Attorney George Pierce Andrews. Gordon received
the death sentence mandated under the law. After Gordon's
conviction, his supporters appealed to President Abraham Lincoln
for a pardon. While Lincoln was well known among his
contemporaries for his compassion and for issuing many pardons
during his presidency, he refused to consider one for Gordon, even
going so far as to refuse to meet with Gordon's supporters.
Lincoln said at the time, "I believe I am kindly enough in
nature, and can be moved to pity and to pardon the perpetrator of
almost the worst crime that the mind of man can conceive or the
arm of man can execute; but any man, who, for paltry gain and
stimulated only by avarice, can rob Africa of her children to sell
into interminable bondage, I never will pardon." On the
question of a commutation, Lincoln wrote that "I think I
would personally prefer to let this man live in confinement and
let him meditate on his deeds, yet in the name of justice and the
majesty of law, there ought to be one case, at least one specific
instance, of a professional slave-trader, a Northern white man,
given the exact penalty of death because of the incalculable
number of deaths he and his kind inflicted upon black men amid the
horror of the sea-voyage from Africa." Lincoln did give him a
two-week stay of execution to "[make] the necessary
preparation for the awful change which awaits him", setting
the new execution date for February 21, 1862, on the grounds that
Gordon had been misled into thinking he would not be executed.
Early the morning before the execution, Gordon unsuccessfully
attempted suicide with strychnine poison. Three doctors worked
four hours to keep him alive by pumping his stomach, catheterizing
him, and force-feeding him brandy and whiskey. After regaining
consciousness, he cried out "I've cheated you! I've cheated
you!" Gordon then begged the doctors assist his suicide,
saying he would rather die alone than suffer the humiliation of
being publicly executed. He said he'd "suffered the agony of
a dozen deaths." He was sufficiently revived to be fit enough
for execution. Nathaniel Gordon died by public hanging at Tombs
Prison, New York City, New York, aged 36. Gordon's last words,
spoken to his executioner, were: "Make short work of it now,
Bill. I'm ready." He is buried at Cypress Hills Cemetery,
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The First
Battle Of Bull Run DVD MP4 Download USB Flash Drive
February 6, 1833: #BOTD: J. E. B. Stuart,
United States Army officer from the U.S. state of Virginia, who
later became a Confederate States Army general during the American
Civil War (d. May 12, 1864) is #born James Ewell Brown Stuart at
Laurel Hill Farm, a plantation in Patrick County, Virginia, near
the border with North Carolina. He was known to his friends as
"Jeb", from the initials of his given names. Stuart was
a cavalry commander known for his mastery of reconnaissance and
the use of cavalry in support of offensive operations. While he
cultivated a cavalier image (red-lined gray cape, yellow sash, hat
cocked to the side with an ostrich plume, red flower in his lapel,
often sporting cologne), his serious work made him the trusted
eyes and ears of Robert E. Lee's army and inspired Southern
morale. Stuart graduated from West Point in 1854, and served in
Texas and Kansas with the U.S. Army. He was a veteran of the
frontier conflicts with Native Americans and the violence of
Bleeding Kansas, and he participated in the capture of John Brown
at Harpers Ferry. He resigned when his home state of Virginia
seceded to serve in the Confederate Army, first under Stonewall
Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, but then in increasingly
important cavalry commands of The Army Of Northern Virginia,
playing a role in all of that army's campaigns until his death. He
established a reputation as an audacious cavalry commander and on
two occasions (during the Peninsula Campaign and the Maryland
Campaign) circumnavigated the Union Army Of The Potomac, bringing
fame to himself and embarrassment to the North. At the Battle of
Chancellorsville, he distinguished himself as a temporary
commander of the wounded Stonewall Jackson's infantry corps.
Arguably Stuart's most famous campaign, Gettysburg, was marred
when he was surprised by a Union cavalry attack at the Battle Of
Brandy Station and by his separation from Lee's army for an
extended period, leaving Lee unaware of Union troop movements and
contributing to the Confederate defeat at the Battle Of
Gettysburg. Stuart received significant criticism from the
Southern press as well as the postbellum proponents of the Lost
Cause movement, but historians have failed to agree on whether
Stuart's exploit was entirely the fault of his judgment or simply
a result of bad luck and Lee's less-than-explicit orders. During
the 1864 Overland Campaign, Union Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan's
cavalry launched an offensive to defeat Stuart. Stuart died at
7:38 p.m. of a .44-caliber gunshot wound of the day prior at the
Battle Of Yellow Tavern, fired by retreating 5th Michigan Cavalry
private John A. Huff, who shot Stuart with his revolver from a
distance of 10-30 yards, striking Stuart in the left side, slicing
through his stomach and exiting his back, one inch to the right of
his spine. He was 31 years old. He suffered great pain as an
ambulance took him to Richmond to await his wife's arrival at the
home of Dr. Charles Brewer, his brother-in-law. Stuart ordered his
sword and spurs be given to his son. Confederate President
Jefferson Davis came to his side, took General Stuart's hand, and
asked, "General, how do you feel?" Stuart answered
"Easy, but willing to die, if God and my country think I have
fulfilled my destiny and done my duty." His last whispered
words were: "I am resigned; God's will be done." He died
the following day, before Flora Stuart reached his side. Stuart
was buried in Richmond's Hollywood Cemetery. Upon learning of
Stuart's death, General Lee is reported to have said that he could
hardly keep from weeping at the mere mention of Stuart's name and
that Stuart had never given him a bad piece of information.
Stuart's wife Flora wore the black of mourning for the remainder
of her life, and never remarried. John Huff, the private who had
fatally wounded Stuart, was killed in action just a few weeks
later at the Battle of Haw's Shop. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Ethnic
Notions + The Mammy Legend: Black Stereotypes DVD MP3 USB Drive
February 6, 1843: Premieres: Theatre
Premieres: Musical Premieres: Music Of The United States:
Minstrelsy (The Minstrel Show): -- The first minstrel show, The
Virginia Minstrels, opens at the Bowery Amphitheatre in New York
City. The site is now part of Confucius Plaza. The minstrel show,
or minstrelsy, was an American form of entertainment developed in
the early 19th century. Each show consisted of comic skits,
variety acts, dancing, and music performances that mocked people
specifically of African descent. The shows were performed by white
people in make-up or blackface for the purpose of playing the role
of black people. There were also some African American performers
and all-black minstrel groups that formed and toured under the
direction of white people. Minstrel shows lampooned black people
as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious, and
happy-go-lucky. The Virginia Minstrels or Virginia Serenaders were
a group of 19th-century American entertainers who helped invent
the entertainment form known as the minstrel show. Led by Dan
Emmett, the original lineup consisted of Emmett, Billy Whitlock,
Dick Pelham, and Frank Brower. After a successful try-out in the
billiard parlor of the Branch Hotel on New York City's Bowery, the
group is said to have premiered to a paying audience nearby at the
Chatham Theatre, probably on January 31, 1843. They followed with
a brief run at the Bowery Amphitheater in early February before an
expanded schedule of venues. Founding member Dan Emmett, who
played bones and banjo, is most famous for writing the song
"Dixie" in 1859. The day after General Lee's April 9,
1865 surrender, Abraham Lincoln addressed a celebratory crowd at
the White House to applause "I have always thought `Dixie'
one of the best tunes I have ever heard. Our adversaries over the
way attempted to appropriate it, but I insisted yesterday that we
fairly captured it. I presented the question to the Attorney
General, and he gave it as his legal opinion that it is our lawful
prize. I now request the band to favor me with its performance."
He was assassinated five days later. The Bowery Amphitheatre was a
building in the Bowery neighborhood of New York City. It was
located at 37 and 39 Bowery, across the street from the Bowery
Theatre. Under a number of different names and managers, the
structure served as a circus, menagerie, theatre, a roller rink,
and a branch of the Peniel Mission. The site is now the Confucius
Plaza Apartments, a limited-equity housing cooperative, part of
Confucius Plaza in Chinatown, Manhattan, New York City. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Divided Union: American Civil War TV Series DVD, MP4, USB Drive
February 6, 1862: The American Civil War
(The Civil War, The War Between The States): The Western Theater
Of The American Civil War: The Battle Of Fort Henry: -- Land
forces under the command of Union General Ulysses S. Grant, in
conjuction with Union naval forces under the command of Flag
Officer Andrew H. Foote give the Union its first important victory
of the war, capturing Fort Henry, Tennessee in the Battle Of Fort
Henry. The Battle Of Fort Henry was fought on February 6, 1862, in
Donelson, Middle Tennessee, during the American Civil War. It was
the first victory for Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in the Western
Theater. On February 4 and 5, Grant landed two divisions just
north of Fort Henry on the Tennessee River. The troops serving
under Grant were the nucleus of the Union's successful Army Of The
Tennessee, although that name was not yet in use. Grant's plan was
to advance upon the fort on February 6 while it was being
simultaneously attacked by Union gunboats commanded by Flag
Officer Andrew Hull Foote. A combination of accurate and effective
naval gunfire, heavy rain, and the poor siting of the fort, nearly
inundated by rising river waters, caused its commander, Brig. Gen.
Lloyd Tilghman, to surrender to Foote before the Union Army
arrived. The surrender of Fort Henry opened the Tennessee River to
Union traffic south of the Alabama border. In the days following
the fort's surrender, from February 6 through February 12, Union
raids used ironclad boats to destroy Confederate shipping and
railroad bridges along the river. On February 12, Grant's army
proceeded overland 12 miles (19 km) to engage with Confederate
troops in the Battle of Fort Donelson. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Clive
James' Fame In The 20th Century TV Series DVD Set MP4 USB Drive
February 6, 1895: #BOTD: #HBD! Babe Ruth,
American professional baseball player and coach whose career in
Major League Baseball (MLB) spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through
1935 (d. August 16, 1948) is #born George Herman Ruth Jr. at 216
Emory Street in the Pigtown section of Baltimore, Maryland.
Nicknamed "The Bambino" and "The Sultan of Swat",
he began his MLB career as a stellar left-handed pitcher for the
Boston Red Sox, but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging
outfielder for the New York Yankees. Ruth established many MLB
batting (and some pitching) records, including career home runs
(714), runs batted in (RBIs) (2,213), bases on balls (2,062),
slugging percentage (.690), and on-base plus slugging (OPS)
(1.164); the latter two still stand as of 2018. Ruth is regarded
as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is
considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time.
In 1936, Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of
its "first five" inaugural members. At age seven, Ruth
was sent to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory
where he learned life lessons and baseball skills from Brother
Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers, the school's
disciplinarian and a capable baseball player. In 1914, Ruth was
signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but
was soon sold to the Red Sox. By 1916, he had built a reputation
as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs, a feat
unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era. Although
Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member
of three World Series championship teams with the Red Sox, he
wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an
outfielder. With regular playing time, he broke the MLB
single-season home run record in 1919. After that season, Red Sox
owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy. The
trade fueled Boston's subsequent 86 year championship drought and
popularized the "Curse of the Bambino" superstition. In
his 15 years with the Yankees, Ruth helped the team win seven
American League (AL) pennants and four World Series championships.
His big swing led to escalating home run totals that not only drew
fans to the ballpark and boosted the sport's popularity but also
helped usher in baseball's live-ball era, which evolved from a
low-scoring game of strategy to a sport where the home run was a
major factor. As part of the Yankees' vaunted "Murderers'
Row" lineup of 1927, Ruth hit 60 home runs, which extended
his MLB single-season record by a single home run. Ruth's last
season with the Yankees was 1934; he retired from the game the
following year, after a short stint with the Boston Braves. During
his career, Ruth led the AL in home runs during a season twelve
times. Ruth's legendary power and charismatic personality made him
a larger-than-life figure during the Roaring Twenties. During his
career, he was the target of intense press and public attention
for his baseball exploits and off-field penchants for drinking and
womanizing. His often reckless lifestyle was tempered by his
willingness to do good by visiting children at hospitals and
orphanages. After his retirement as a player, he was denied the
opportunity to manage a major league club, most likely due to poor
behavior during parts of his playing career. In his final years,
Ruth made many public appearances, especially in support of
American efforts in World War II. In 1946, he became ill with
esophageal cancer and died two years later as a result of the
disease. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Spanish-American War & Cuban War Of Independence DVD,
Download, USB
February 6, 1899: The Decolonisation Of
Asia: The Decolonization Of The Americas: The 1896 Philippine
Revolution: The Cuban War Of Independence (The Necessary War): The
Spanish-American War: The Treaty Of Paris (The Treaty Of Peace
Between The United States Of America And The Kingdom Of Spain, The
Treaty of Paris Of 1898, Filipino: Kasunduan Sa Paris Ng 1898;
Spanish: Tratado De Paris De 1898): -- The Treaty Of Paris Of 1898
is ratified by the United States Senate, ending the
Spanish-American War. On December 10, 1898, the treaty was signed
between American and Spanish representatives following Spain's
defeat in the Spanish-American War. Under the terms of the treaty,
Spain relinquished all claims of sovereignty over and title to
Cuba, and also ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the
United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a
compensation of 20M USD from the United States to Spain. The
treaty came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of
ratification were exchanged. The treaty passed by a single vote in
the U.S. Senate on February 6, 1899, and was signed by President
William McKinley four days later. It was the first treaty
negotiated between the two governments since the 1819 Adams-Onis
Treaty. The Treaty Of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire,
apart from some small holdings in Northern Africa and several
islands and territories around the Gulf of Guinea, also in Africa.
It marked the beginning of the United States as a world power.
Many supporters of the war opposed the treaty, which became one of
the major issues in the election of 1900 when it was opposed by
Democrat William Jennings Bryan, who opposed imperialism.
Republican President William McKinley supported the treaty and was
easily reelected. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Struggles For Poland TV Series + Bonus MP4 Video Download DVD Set
February 6, 1905: #BOTD: Wladyslaw
Gomulka, Polish communist politician, de facto leader of post-war
Poland from 1947 until 1948, leader again in 1956 following the
Polish October until 1970 (d. September 1, 1982) is #born in
Bialobrzegi Franciszkanskie village on the outskirts of Krosno,
into a worker's family living in the Austrian Partition (the
Galicia region), Austria-Hungary (now Poland). His parents had met
and married in the United States, where each had immigrated to in
search of work in the late 19th century, but returned to occupied
Poland in the early 20th century because Wladyslaw's father Jan
was unable to find gainful employment in America. Gomulka was
initially very popular for his reforms; his seeking a "Polish
way to socialism"; and giving rise to the period known as
"Polish Thaw". During the 1960s, however, he became more
rigid and authoritarian; afraid of destabilizing the system, he
was not inclined to introduce or permit changes. In the 1960s he
supported the persecution of the Catholic Church, intellectuals
and the anti-communist opposition. In 1967 to 1968, Gomulka
allowed outbursts of anti-Zionist and antisemitic political
campaign, pursued primarily by others in the Party, but utilized
by Gomulka to retain power by shifting the attention from the
stagnating economy. Many of the remaining Polish Jews left the
country. At that time he was also responsible for persecuting
protesting students and toughening censorship of the media.
Gomulka supported Poland's participation in the Warsaw Pact
invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. In the treaty with West
Germany, signed in December 1970 at the end of Gomulka's period in
office, West Germany recognized the post-World War II borders,
which established a foundation for future peace, stability and
cooperation in Central Europe. In the same month, economic
difficulties led to price rises and subsequent bloody clashes with
shipyard workers on the Baltic coast, in which several dozen
workers were fatally shot. The tragic events forced Gomulka's
resignation and retirement. In a generational replacement of the
ruling elite, Edward Gierek took over the Party leadership and
tensions eased. A heavy smoker, he died in 1982 at the age of 77
of lung cancer. Gomulka's memoirs were not published until 1994,
long after his death, and five years after the collapse of the
communist regime which he served and led. Gomulka is buried at
Powazki Military Cemetery in Warsaw. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The JFK
Conspiracy: Final Analysis w/ James Earl Jones DVD, MP4, USB
February 6, 1910: #BOTD: Carlos Marcello,
Tunisian-Sicilian-Italian-American crime boss of The New Orleans
Crime Family from 1947 to 1983 (d. March 3, 1993) is #born
Calogero Minacore to Sicilian immigrants Giuseppe and Luigia
Minacore, in Tunis, French Tunisia. With his family, Marcello
immigrated to the United States in 1911 and settled in a decaying
plantation house near Metairie in Jefferson Parish, a suburb of
New Orleans. His father adopted a different family name to avoid
confusion with his supervisor on the sugar plantation where he had
started work. His overseer, also Minacore, chose the appellation
Marcello. Aside from his role in the American Mafia, he is also
notorious for the reason that G. Robert Blakey and others have
alleged: that Carlos Marcello, Santo Trafficante Jr., and Sam
Giancana conspired in the 1963 assassination of U.S. President
John F. Kennedy in retaliation for federal investigations and
prosecutions that threatened both the power and the
multibillion-dollar profits of organized crime. Carlos Marcello
died of natural causes at his home in Metairie, Louisiana, aged
83. He is buried at Metairie Cemetery. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Eva Braun:
Hitler's Mistress + Bonus In Search Of DVD, MP4. USB Drive
February 6, 1912: #BOTD: Eva Braun,
German longtime companion of Adolf Hitler and, for less than 40
hours, wife of Adolf Hitler (d. April 30, 1945?) is #born Eva Anna
Paula Braun in in Munich, Bavaria, German Empire. Eva Anna Paula
Hitler met Hitler in Munich when she was a 17-year-old assistant
and model for his personal photographer Heinrich Hoffmann. She
began seeing Hitler often about two years later. She attempted
suicide twice during their early relationship. By 1936, she was a
part of his household at the Berghof near Berchtesgaden and lived
a sheltered life throughout World War II. Braun was a
photographer, and she took many of the surviving colour
photographs and films of Hitler. She was a key figure within
Hitler's inner social circle, but did not attend public events
with him until mid-1944, when her sister Gretl married Hermann
Fegelein, the SS liaison officer on his staff. As Nazi Germany was
collapsing towards the end of the war, Braun swore loyalty to
Hitler and went to Berlin to be by his side in the heavily
reinforced Fuehrerbunker beneath the Reich Chancellery. As Red
Army troops fought their way into the neighbourhood on April 29,
1945, she married Hitler during a brief civil ceremony; she was 33
and he was 56. Less than 40 hours later, they committed suicide
together in a sitting room of the bunker, she by biting into a
capsule of cyanide, and he by a gunshot to the head. The German
public was unaware of Braun's relationship with Hitler until after
their deaths. Nazi researcher and author Peter Levenda asserts
that both Hitler and Braun survived and were relocated under
assumed names to the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, where they
lived together until the mid-1970s when Braun left to attend to
her ailing mother in Germany. According to Levenda, Braun did not
return to Hitler after her mother's death. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Lost Ernie
Kovacs TV Show Collection DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
February 6, 1917: #BOTD: #HBD! Zsa Zsa
Gabor, Hungarian-American actress, socialite and sex symbol (d.
December 18, 2016) is #born Sari Gabor in Budapest, Hungary, the
middle sister of the Gabor sisters Eva Gabor (February 11, 1919 -
July 4, 1995) and Magda Gabor June 11, 1915 - June 6, 1997). Her
father Vilmos Gabor, a soldier, and mother Jolie (nee Janka
Tilleman) were both Jewish. While her mother escaped Hungary
during the same time period of the Nazi occupation of Budapest,
Gabor left the country in 1941, three years prior to the takeover.
The Gabor sisters were first cousins of Annette Lantos, wife of
the distinguished California Congressman Tom Lantos (D-CA). Gabor
began her stage career in Vienna and was crowned Miss Hungary in
1936. She emigrated from Hungary to the United States in 1941.
Becoming a sought-after actress with "European flair and
style", she was considered to have a personality that "exuded
charm and grace". Her first film role was a supporting role
in Lovely to Look At. She later acted in We're Not Married! and
played one of her few leading roles in the John Huston-directed
film, Moulin Rouge (1952). Huston would later describe her as a
"creditable" (bringing or deserving credit, honor,
reputation, or esteem) actress. She was a frequent guest on a
number of Ernie Kovacs television shows, both being from Hungary,
and often cutup in Hungarian during these shows. She also made
frequent cameo vignette appearances on Rowan & Martin's
Laugh-In Outside her acting career, Gabor was known for her great
beauty, her extravagant Hollywood lifestyle, her glamorous
personality, and her many marriages. In total, Gabor had nine
husbands, including hotel magnate Conrad Hilton and actor George
Sanders. She once stated, "Men have always liked me and I
have always liked men. But I like a mannish man, a man who knows
how to talk to and treat a woman - not just a man with muscles."
Zsa Zsa Gabor died at the age of 99 of cardiac arrest while in a
coma at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on December 18, 2016,
fifty days shy of becoming a centenarian. The causes of death were
given as "Cardiopulmonary arrest, Coronary Artery Disease,
and Cerebral Vascular Disease". She had been on life support
for the previous five years. Her funeral was held on December 30
in a Catholic ceremony at the Church of the Good Shepherd in
Beverly Hills, where around 100 mourners attended. Her ashes,
placed in a gold rectangular box, are interred at the Westwood
Village Memorial Park Cemetery. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Women's
Rights Women's Suffrage The Women's Movement MP4 Download DVD
February 6, 1918: Feminism: The Feminist
Movement (The Women's Movement): Women's Suffrage In The United
Kingdom: The Representation Of The People Act 1918 (The Fourth
Reform Act): -- British women over the age of 30 who meet minimum
property qualifications get the right to vote when The
Representation Of The People Act 1918 is passed by Parliament,
which reformed the electoral system in Great Britain and Ireland
to extend the franchise in parliamentary elections, also known as
the right to vote, to men aged over 21, whether or not they owned
property, and to women aged over 30 who resided in the
constituency or occupied land or premises with a rateable value
above 5 Pounds Sterling, or whose husbands did. At the same time,
it extended the local government franchise to include women aged
over 21 on the same terms as men. It was not until the
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 that women
gained electoral equality. The 1928 Act gave the vote to women at
age 21 regardless of any property qualification, which added
another five million women to the electorate. As a result of the
Act, the male electorate was extended by 5.2 million to 12.9
million. The female electorate was 8.5 million. The Act also
created new electoral arrangements, including making residence in
a specific constituency the basis of the right to vote,
institutionalising the first-past-the-post method of election (one
in which voters indicate on a ballot the candidate of their
choice, and the candidate who receives the most votes wins, even
if they did not receive a majority of the votes), and rejecting
proportional representation. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Combat At
Sea Documentary Series + 2 Bonuses MP4 Video Download DVDs
February 6, 1922: The Aftermath Of World
War I: The Interwar Period (The Interbellum, Between The Wars):
The Washington Naval Treaty (The Five-Power Treaty, The Four-Power
Treaty, The Nine-Power Treaty): -- The Washington Naval Treaty is
signed among the major nations that had won World War I, who
agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction. It
was negotiated at the Washington Naval Conference, held in
Washington, D.C., from November 1921 to February 1922, and it was
signed by the governments of the United Kingdom, the United
States, France, Italy, and Japan. It limited the construction of
battleships, battlecruisers and aircraft carriers by the
signatories. The numbers of other categories of warships,
including cruisers, destroyers and submarines, were not limited by
the treaty, but those ships were limited to 10,000 tons
displacement each. The treaty was concluded on February 6, 1922.
Ratifications of that treaty were exchanged in Washington on
August 17, 1923, and it was registered in the League Of Nations
Treaty Series on April 16, 1924. Later naval arms limitation
conferences sought additional limitations of warship building. The
terms of the Washington treaty were modified by the London Naval
Treaty of 1930 and the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936. By the
mid-1930s, Japan and Italy renounced the treaties, while Germany
renounced the Treaty Of Versailles which had limited its navy.
Naval arms limitation became increasingly difficult for the other
signatories. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Tunnel
Under The Wall + Berlin Wall Bonus Titles DVD, MP4, USB
February 6, 1940: #BOTD: #HBD! Tom
Brokaw, American television journalist, tv news anchor and author
is #born Thomas John Brokaw in Webster, South Dakota. Thomas John
Brokaw was the anchor and managing editor of NBC Nightly News for
22 years (1982-2004). He is the only person to have hosted all
three major NBC News programs: The Today Show, NBC Nightly News,
and, briefly, Meet the Press. He now serves as a special
correspondent for NBC News and works on documentaries for other
outlets. Along with his competitors Peter Jennings at ABC News and
Dan Rather at CBS News, Brokaw was one of the "Big Three"
news anchors in the U.S. during the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s.
The three hosted their networks' flagship nightly news programs
for over 20 years, and all three started and retired (or died, in
Jennings' case) within a year of each other. Brokaw has also
written several books on American history and society in the 20th
century. He is the author of The Greatest Generation (1998) and
other books and the recipient of numerous awards and honors
including the Presidential Medal Of Freedom, which was awarded to
him by President Barack Obama in 2014. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Bob Marley
And The Wailers (1986) Documentary MP4 Video Download DVD
February 6, 1945: #BOTD: #HBD! Bob
Marley, Black Jamaican singer-songwriter and guitarist who became
an international musical and cultural icon (d. May 11, 1981) is
#born. Robert Nesta Marley at the farm of his maternal grandfather
in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica. Bob Marley blended
reggae, ska and rocksteady in his compositions. Starting out in
1963 with the group the Wailers, he forged a distinctive
songwriting and vocal style that would later resonate with
audiences worldwide. The Wailers would go on to release some of
the earliest reggae records with producer Lee "Scratch"
Perry. After the Wailers disbanded in 1974, Marley pursued a solo
career upon his relocation to England that culminated in the
release of the album Exodus in 1977, which established his
worldwide reputation and elevated his status as one of the world's
best-selling artists of all time, with sales of more than 75
million records. Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56
consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus",
"Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One
Love". In 1978, he released the album Kaya, which included
the hit singles "Is This Love" and "Satisfy My
Soul". The greatest hits album, Legend, was released in 1984,
three years after Marley died. It subsequently became the
best-selling reggae album of all time. Diagnosed with acral
lentiginous melanoma in 1977, Marley died on 11 May 1981 in Miami
at age 36. He was a committed Rastafari who infused his music with
a sense of spirituality. He is credited with popularising reggae
music around the world and served as a symbol of Jamaican culture
and identity. Marley has also evolved into a global symbol and
inspired numerous items of merchandise. Bob Marleydied in Miami,
Florida at the age of 36 due to the spread of melanoma to his
lungs and brain. His final words to his son Ziggy were "Money
can't buy life". He is buried at The Bob Marley Mausoleum in
Nine Mile, Jamaica. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Elizabeth
R: A Year In The Life Of The Queen 1992 DVD, MP4, USB Drive
February 6, 1952: The Monarchy Of The
United Kingdom (The British Monarchy): Royal Accessions: --
Elizabeth Windsor, upon the death of her father, King George VI,
becomes Elizabeth II, queen regnant of the United Kingdom and the
other Commonwealth realms at the age of 25. The king was found
dead at 07:30 GMT in bed at Sandringham House in Norfolk; he had
died in the night from a coronary thrombosis (a blood clot inside
a blood vessel of the heart) at the age of 56. At the exact moment
of succession, she was in a tree house at the Treetops Hotel in
Kenya. Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor), Queen of
the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms until her death
(April 21, 1926 - September 8, 2022) was born in Mayfair, London,
England. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her
lifetime and was head of state of 15 realms at the time of her
death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any
British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female head
of state in history. Elizabeth II was the first child of the Duke
and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and
she was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the
throne on the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936,
from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to
undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in
the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Prince
Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a former prince of Greece and Denmark,
with whom she has four children: Charles, Prince Of Wales; Anne,
Princess Royal; Prince Andrew, Duke of York; and Prince Edward,
Earl of Wessex. When her father died in February 1952, she became
head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent
Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon. She has reigned as a
constitutional monarch through major political changes, such as
devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the
decolonisation of Africa. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her
realms varied as territories gained independence and realms,
including South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (renamed Sri Lanka),
became republics. Her many historic visits and meetings include a
state visit to the Republic Of Ireland and visits to or from five
popes. Significant events have included her coronation in 1953 and
the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, and Diamond Jubilees in
1977, 2002, and 2012 respectively. In 2017, she became the first
British monarch to reach a Sapphire Jubilee. She was the
longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch as well as the
world's longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state,
and at the time of her death was the oldest and longest-reigning
current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state.
Elizabeth had occasionally faced republican sentiments and press
criticism of the royal family, in particular after the breakdown
of her children's marriages, her "annus horribilis"
("horrible year", an expression used by Queen Elizabeth
II in her speech at London's Guildhall on November 24, 1992
marking the 40th anniversary of her accession) and the death in
1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales.
However, support for the monarchy has consistently been and
remains high, as does her personal popularity. Elizabeth II died
peacefully at 15:10 BST at Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire,
Scotland at the age of 96, with two of her children, Charles and
Anne, by her side, the first monarch to die in Scotland since
James V in 1542; her death certificate recorded her cause of death
as "old age". Her death was announced to the public at
18:30. She is buried at St. George's Chapel, Windsor. Elizabeth's
reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British
monarch. She was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III.
Elizabeth's death set in motion the most recent version of
Operation London Bridge, a funeral plan first devised in the
1960s, and Operation Unicorn, the plan for the Queen's death in
Scotland. Elizabeth's coffin lay at rest in St Giles' Cathedral in
Edinburgh from 12 to 13 September, after which it was flown to
London, where it lay in state in Westminster Hall from 14 to 19
September. An estimated 33,000 people filed past the Queen's
coffin in Edinburgh, and approximately 250,000 people queued to
pay their respects in London. The United Kingdom observed a
national mourning period of 10 days. Elizabeth's state funeral on
19 September was the first held in Britain since Winston
Churchill's in 1965. A funeral service was held at Westminster
Abbey, followed by a procession to Wellington Arch which featured
around 3,000 military personnel and was watched by approximately
one million people in central London. The state hearse then
transported the Queen's coffin to Windsor, followed by another
procession through Windsor Great Park and a committal service at
St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. The Queen was interred later
that evening with her husband, Prince Philip, in the King George
VI Memorial Chapel, in a private service attended only by her
closest family. Designated as a public holiday in the UK and
several Commonwealth states, the state funeral included
dignitaries from around the world and featured the largest
security operation ever mounted in the UK. Coverage of the state
funeral was one of the UK's most watched special television
broadcasts, surpassing the wedding of Prince William and Catherine
Middleton, the previous most-watched royal event of the 21st
century. The period of official mourning and the funeral was
estimated to have cost the government 162M PS. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: King: A
Filmed Record: Montgomery To Memphis DVD, Download, USB Drive
February 6, 1961: The American Civil
Rights Movement: Anti-Black Racism In The United States:
Discrimination: The Sit-In Movement (The Sit-In Campaign, The
Student Sit-In Movement): The Jail-No-Bail Movement: -- The
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) sends four
volunteers to Rock Hill, South Carolina to stage sit-ins: Charles
Sherrod, Charles Jones, Diane Nash, and Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson.
The four of them were sentenced to jail for 30 days. Following a
sit-in a week prior when 10 African American students in Rock Hill
(who ultimately become known as the Friendship Nine) were arrested
for requesting service at a segregated lunch counter, both groups
(except for one person) refused to post bail, and demanded jail
time rather than paying fines, as a political statement "that
paying bail or fines indicates acceptance of an immoral system and
validates their own arrests", and as a practical financial
strategy as their financial resources were limited. This tactic,
formulated at an October 1960 SNCC strategy conference in Atlanta,
Georgia, became known as the "Jail-No-Bail" tactic. The
conference decided to incorporate a Gandhian position that paying
bail or fines indicated acceptance of an immoral system,
validating their own arrests, and that choosing instead to serve
out their sentences, they dramatized the injustice and intensifid
the struggle, and thereby gain additional media coverage. This
tactic was ultimately adopted by the Freedom Riders; more than 300
of those arrested in Jackson, Mississippi refused to pay their
fines bravely chose instead to serve hard time in Mississippi's
notorious Parchman Prison. In later years, however, "Jail-No-Bail"
was rarely used, and only as a tactic-of-necessity when there was
no money available to pay bail or fines. On Sale @ 15% Off
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EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Wings Over
The World: Aviation History Series + Bonus MP4 Or DVD Set
February 6, 1976: The History Of
Aviation: Corporate Scandals: The Lockheed Bribery Scandals: -- In
testimony before a United States Senate subcommittee, Lockheed
Corporation vice chairman and president Carl Kotchian admits that
the company had paid out approximately 3M USD in bribes to the
office of Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka to have all Nippon
Airways purchase (21) Lockheed L-1011 TriStar airliners. The
scandal nearly led to Lockheed's downfall, as it was already
struggling due to the commercial failure of the L-1011 TriStar,
and it led to the arrest and conviction of Prime Minister Kakuei
of violating foreign exchange and foreign trade laws. This scandal
ultimately became part of what is now known as The Lockheed
Bribery Scandals, encompassing of bribes and contributions made by
Lockheed from the late 1950s to the 1970s, scandals causing
considerable political controversy in West Germany, Italy and the
Netherlands as well as Japan. After Kotchian's subcommittee
testimony, Henry Kissinger tried to stop the details from making
their way to the Japanese government, fearing that it would harm
the two countries' security relationship; however, Prime Minister
of Japan Takeo Miki pushed a bill through the Diet that requested
information from the Senate. Many Tanaka supporters viewed the
scandal as an effort by American multinational corporations to
"get" Tanaka in response to his hard-line stance in
trade talks with the United States, based on the fact that the
scandal originated with congressional testimony in the US. On July
27, 1976, Tanaka was arrested on suspicion of violating foreign
exchange and foreign trade laws in 1972 during his term as prime
minister by not reporting his acceptance of 1.8M USD in bribes
from the Lockheed Corporation. Tanaka was released from the Tokyo
Detention House jail in August on a 200 Y E N (690K USD) bond.
Tanaka's trial did not end his political influence. His faction
had 70 to 80 members prior to his arrest in 1976, but grew to over
150 members by 1981, more than one-third of the total LDP
representation in the Diet. In retaliation for Miki's actions,
Tanaka persuaded his faction to vote for Fukuda in the 1976
"Lockheed Election". The two old rivals did not
cooperate for long, however: in 1978, Tanaka threw his faction
behind Ohira's. After Ohira died in 1980, the Tanaka faction
elected Zenko Suzuki. In 1982, Yasuhiro Nakasone was elected
president of the LDP (and therefore as prime minister) amid
allegations from opponents that he would be under Tanaka's
control. The Lockheed trial ended on October 12, 1983. Tanaka was
found guilty of violating foreign exchange and foreign trade laws
in 1972 during his term as prime minister, by not reporting the
payment in connection with accepting 1.8M USD in bribes from the
Lockheed Corporation, and sentenced to 4 years in jail and a 500
million yen fine. Rather than cave in, he filed an appeal and
announced that he would not leave the Diet as long as his
constituents supported him. This sparked a month-long war in the
Diet over whether or not to censure Tanaka; eventually, Prime
Minister Nakasone, himself elected by Tanaka's faction, dissolved
the Diet and called for a new election, stating that "in view
of the current unusual parliamentary situation, there is a need
for refreshing the people's minds as quickly as possible." In
the "Second Lockheed Election" of December 1983, Tanaka
retained his Diet seat by an unprecedented margin, winning more
votes than any other candidate in the country. The LDP performed
poorly, and Prime Minister Nakasone publicly vowed to distance the
party from Tanaka's politics, stating that the party should be
"cleansed" with a new code of ethics. Nakasone placed
six members of the Tanaka faction on his 1984 cabinet, including
future prime minister Noboru Takeshita. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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